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Introduction: Keynesian Economics, developed by British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s, in response to the Great Depression, emphasizes the total spending in the economy (aggregate demand) and its effects on output and inflation. According to Keynesian theory, aggregate demand is influenced by a host of economic decisions—both public and private—and sometimes behaves erratically. The central tenet is that government intervention can stabilize the economy through fiscal policy, such as taxation and public spending, and monetary policy, managed by the central bank. Keynesian economics has shaped much of today’s economic policies, advocating for active government intervention to mitigate business cycles, prevent high unemployment, and ensure sustainable economic growth.

Key Principles of Keynesian Economics:

• Demand Management: Advocating for adjusting government spending and taxation to influence economic activity.
• Multiplier Effect: The concept that an initial amount of spending leads to increased consumption spending and so results in an increase in national income greater than the initial amount of spending.
• Liquidity Preference: The theory that people prefer to hold their wealth in liquid form and that interest rates adjust to equilibrate the supply and demand for money.

Impact of Keynesian Economics on Policy Making:

• Counter-cyclical Fiscal Policies: Implementing government spending and tax policies opposite to the business cycle to smooth economic fluctuations.
• Stimulus Measures: Applying fiscal and monetary stimuli to counteract economic downturns and boost demand.
• Employment Focus: Prioritizing policies that aim to achieve full employment and support wage growth.